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Clinical application of embryonic stem (ES) cells faces difficulties regarding use of embryos, as well as tissue rejection after
implantation. One way to circumvent these issues is to generate pluripotent stem cells directly from somatic cells. Somatic cells can
be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by the injection of a nucleus into an enucleated oocyte or by fusion with ES cells.
However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these processes. We have recently shown that the combination of four
transcription factors can generate ES-like pluripotent stem cells directly from mouse fibroblast cultures. The cells, named induced
pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, can be differentiated into three germ layers and committed to chimeric mice. Here we describe detailed
methods and tips for the generation of iPS cells.
